Variation and Heritability of Sodium Chloride Tolerance in Spring Wheat at Early Stage of Plant Development

The response of 5‐week‐old wheat seedlings of 68 genotypes was assessed in three salinity levels (i.e., control, 12, and 24 dS/m^?1) developed in solution cultures on the basis of fresh root and shoot weight. The 68 genotypes responded differently to increasing salinity levels in the growing medium. The genotypes S‐24 and DN‐33, which produced greater root weights than those of DN‐30, appeared as the most tolerant, whereas WC‐78, DN‐27, and DN‐32 were the most sensitive genotypes. The estimates of broad sense heritability (h² _B) for absolute fresh root weight were 0.35, 0.038, and 0.018 in the control, 12, and 24 dSm^?1, respectively, whereas those for relative fresh root weight were 0.08 and 0.05 in low and high salinities, respectively.     

Climate variability and crop production in Tanzania

Improved understanding of the influence of climate on agricultural production is needed to cope with expected changes in temperature and precipitation, and an increasing number of undernourished people in food insecure regions. Many studies have shown the importance of seasonal climatic means in explaining crop yields. However, climate variability is expected to increase in some regions and have significant consequences on food production beyond the impacts of changes in climatic means. Here, we examined the relationship between seasonal climate and crop yields in Tanzania, focusing on maize, sorghum and rice. The impacts of both seasonal means and variability on yields were measured at the subnational scale using various statistical methods and climate data. The results indicate that both intra- and interseasonal changes in temperature and precipitation influence cereal yields in Tanzania. Seasonal temperature increases have the most important impact on yields. This study shows that in Tanzania, by 2050, projected seasonal temperature increases by 2 °C reduce average maize, sorghum, and rice yields by 13%, 8.8%, and 7.6% respectively. Potential changes in seasonal total precipitation as well as intra-seasonal temperature and precipitation variability may also impact crop yields by 2050, albeit to a lesser extent. A 20% increase in intra-seasonal precipitation variability reduces agricultural yields by 4.2%, 7.2%, and 7.6% respectively for maize, sorghum, and rice. Using our preferred model, we show that we underestimate the climatic impacts by 2050 on crop yields in Tanzania by 3.6%, 8.9%, and 28.6% for maize, sorghum and rice respectively if we focus only on climatic means and ignore climate variability. This study highlights that, in addition to shifts in growing season means, changes in intra-seasonal variability of weather may be important for future yields in Tanzania. Additionally, we argue for a need to invest in improving the climate records in these regions to enhance our understanding of these relationships.     

基于主成分分析法的干旱区典型绿洲土壤盐分特征分析——以新疆第二师31团为例

为研究新疆典型绿洲土地盐分特征及分布特征,以新疆第二师31团为例,采用GPS对研究区域进行定点采样(N=66),采样深度为100 cm,采样层数为5层,对土壤盐分离子进行化验检测,运用SPSS软件对数据进行描述性、离子间相关性及离子主成分分析。结果表明:不同土壤层中各离子处于中等以上变异程度,各土壤层的pH=8.11,各土壤层中Cl^-、K⁺+Na⁺与SO₄^2-离子含量大于HCO₃^-、Ca²⁺与Mg²⁺离子;Cl^-、K⁺+Na⁺、SO₄^2-、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺之间的相关系数较高,呈现极显著相关性。各土壤层的第一主成分主要包含Cl^-、SO₄^2-、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、K⁺+Na⁺离子信息,第二主成分与第三主成分主要包含HCO₃^-离子信息。以第一主成分、第二主成分及第三主成分所表征不同信息为基准,分析了研究区不同位置不同土壤层的盐渍化程度及碱度,该研究区域受盐碱影响较大。     

沈阳经济区土地利用转型与社会经济发展的关系

[目的]开展沈阳经济区土地利用转型与社会经济发展研究,为助力东北振兴提供科学参考。[方法]以沈阳经济区为研究区,运用GIS,RS技术,采用土地利用转移矩阵和重心转移轨迹模型,探讨1980—2018年研究区土地利用转型与社会经济发展在空间上的转移关系。[结果](1)研究区各种土地利用空间形态存在相互转化关系,耕地、林地和草地面积减少伴随建设用地面积增加;(2)研究区各种土地利用空间形态重心迁移的方向和速度差异明显,特别是2010年林地、草地、建设用地、水域和其他用地的重心迁移方向出现明显转折;(3)研究区人口、GDP重心分别呈现先"Z型"后"C型"迁移和"S型"迁移;(4)研究区各种土地利用空间形态与社会经济发展存在不同迁移形式。[结论]土地利用转型与社会经济发展相互作用,沈阳经济区的设立促进了区域人口、建设用地和耕地重心向研究区几何中心迁移。     

籽用南瓜种质资源形态多样性分析

为了筛选黑龙江省籽用南瓜优良种质资源,对22份籽用南瓜资源的47个性状进行变异性和相关性分析。结果表明:籽用南瓜资源17个数量性状的变异系数中,以叶裂片数的变异系数最大,高达229.03%,其次为叶柄粗、主茎长、单瓜种子数、叶柄长、百粒重、单株结瓜数和瓜纵径。种子百粒重与种子长度呈极显著正相关,相关系数高达0.72,种子百粒重与瓜纵径的相关系数也达0.59,百粒重与种子周缘、种子宽度、种喙形状的相关系数均大于0.40。     

基于SEBAL模型的土默特右旗腾发量研究

【目的】评价SEBAL模型在估算内蒙古包头市土默特右旗腾发量时的适用性。【方法】基于2015年作物生育期内的Landsat8遥感影像,建立SEBAL模型,估算腾发量,利用FAO Penman-Monteith公式与水量平衡法估算得到腾发量进行了验证及评价,并采用多元逐步回归方法对其影响因素进行了分析。【结果】日腾发量的分布具有明显的空间差异性,呈现出"山峰型"变化趋势。SEBAL模型腾发量估算值与水量平衡法估算值相比,相对误差的平均值为6.053%;Penman-Monteith公式计算得到的日腾发量与水量平衡法估算值相差7.682%,都在10%以内,达到了精度要求,且SEBAL模型估算腾发量的精度高于Penman-Monteith公式。日腾发量与NDVI和地表温度相关性显著,由二者建立了最优的多元逐步回归方程。【结论】在缺乏数据的情况下,利用SEBAL模型可以较为准确地估算出土右旗的腾发量,且NDVI和地表温度对其的影响较大。     

Spatial variability of soil properties in red soil and its implications for site-specific fertilizer management

Assessing spatial variability and mapping of soil properties constitute important prerequisites for soil and crop management in agricultural areas. To explore the relationship between soil spatial variability and land management, 256 samples were randomly collected at two depths(surface layer 0–20 cm and subsurface layer 20–40 cm) under different land use types and soil parent materials in Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province, a red soil region of China. The pH, soil organic matter(SOM), total nitrogen(TN), cation exchange capacity(CEC), and base saturation(BS) of the soil samples were examined and mapped. The results indicated that soils in Yujiang were acidified, with an average pH of 4.87(4.03–6.46) in the surface layer and 4.99(4.03–6.24) in the subsurface layer. SOM and TN were significantly higher in the surface layer(27.6 and 1.50 g kg~(–1), respectively) than in the subsurface layer(12.1 and 0.70 g kg~(–1), respectively), while both CEC and BS were low(9.0 and 8.0 cmol kg~(–1), 29 and 38% for surface and subsurface layers, respectively). Paddy soil had higher pH(mean 4.99) than upland and forest soils, while soil derived from river alluvial deposits(RAD) had higher pH(mean 5.05) than the other three parent materials in both layers. Geostatistical analysis revealed that the best fit models were exponential for pH and TN, and spherical for BS in both layers, while spherical and Gaussian were the best fitted for SOM and CEC in the surface and subsurface layers. Spatial dependency varied from weak to strong for the different soil properties in both soil layers. The maps produced by selecting the best predictive variables showed that SOM, TN, and CEC had moderate levels in most parts of the study area. This study highlights the importance of site-specific agricultural management and suggests guidelines for appropriate land management decisions.     

Natural Abundance of Foliar 15N as an Early Indicator of Nitrogen Deficiency in Fertilized Cotton

Information on the contribution of various soil nitrogen (N) sources to plant N uptake is often needed for the implementation of sustainable or site-specific management practices in agriculture. Considering the limitations of traditional methods in meeting these needs, this study investigated the potential of leaf δ¹⁵N as an early indicator of nutrient deficiency in cotton. The spatial and temporal natural abundance of ¹⁵N was measured in the soil and leaves of a fertilized cotton field located near the village of Moschochori (Larissa, Greece). The isotopic signal of the leaves was interpreted in the context of the relative contribution of fertilizer to cotton N uptake,as has been demonstrated in the past for other agricultural crops such as wheat (Triticum aestivam L.) and corn (Zea mays). Spatial variability of leaf δ¹⁵N was high early in the growing season (June), reflecting differences in fertilizer N availability and uptake between the east and west side of the field, as well as differences resulting from soil denitrification in depressions. The west side of the field appears to have lost significant amounts of fertilizer N, due to leaching during the rainy period in May, that accumulated in depressions near the waterway. In the subsequent months, the isotopic signal of the leaves was consistently high and indicated reduced fertilizer N uptake on the west side that resulted in deficiencies of N as well as of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). The significant correlations of mid-square leaf δ¹⁵N with late-season nutrient content and soil elelctrical conductivity(EC) provided evidence that the natural abundance of ¹⁵N was a sensitive indicator of soil and plant nutrient status in this fertilized cotton field.     

Assessment of Variation in Morpho-Physiological Traits and Genetic Diversity in Relation to Submergence Tolerance of Five Indigenous Lowland Rice Landraces

The present study evaluated submergence responses in 88 lowland indigenous rice(Oryza sativa L.) landraces from Koraput, India, to identify submergence-tolerant rice genotypes. In pot experiments, variations in survival rate, shoot elongation, relative growth index, dry matter, chlorophyll, soluble sugar and starch contents were evaluated in two consecutive years under well-drained and completely submerged conditions. Principal component analysis showed that the first three axes contributed 96.820% of the total variation among the landraces, indicating wide variation between genotypes. Major traits such as survival rate, relative growth index, soluble sugar and starch contents appeared to be important determinants of phenotypic diversity among the landraces. Phenotypic coefficient of variance was higher than genotypic coefficient of variance for all the traits and all showed high heritability(90.38%–99.54%). Five rice landraces(Samudrabali, Basnamundi, Gadaba, Surudaka and Dokarakuji) were the most tolerant to submergence. When submerged for up to 14 d, Samudrabali, Basnamundi and Godoba were notable for having greater survival rates than a standard submergence tolerant variety FR13 A, and also notable for elongating more vigorously and accumulating more biomass. These three landraces may therefore be especially useful in lowland rice growing areas that are affected by both moderate stagnant water and flash flooding. Molecular genotyping revealed that the submergence tolerance of Samudrabali, Basnamundi and Godoba is linked to the presence of one or more different Sub1 loci and it may well prove useful for breeding improved submergence tolerant rice varieties, thereby assising to improve yield stability in the rainfed lowland agro-ecosystem.